EM Opt0

The default electromagnetic physics is built by the G4EmStandardPhysics constructor (see details in EM Opt0).

For each particle type Standard EM models implement several processes. Processes cover physics from 0 to 100 TeV for all particles. Though the operational energy range goes down to zero, below 1 keV accuracy of these models is substantially lower.

Photons: \(e^-/e^+\) pair production is implemented by the BetheHeitler model with the LPM effect at high energies and Compton scattering is implemented by the Klein-Nishina model. Photo-electric effect and Rayleigh scattering are both handled by the Livermore models. G4GammaGeneralProcess is used to combine all these processes.

Electrons and positrons: multiple Coulomb scattering is handled by the Urban model from 0 to 100 MeV and by the WentzelVI model from 100 MeV to 100 TeV, which is combined with the single Coulomb scattering model, which is applied for large angle scattering. UseSafety step limitation is used for multiple scattering. Bremsstrahlung is implemented by the eBremSB model and the eBremLPM model which takes into account the LPM effect at high energies. Ionisation is modelled by the Moller-Bhabha formulation, and positron annihilation is implemented by the eplus2gg model.

Muons: multiple Coulomb scattering is handled by the WentzelVI model combined with the single scattering model at all energies, and by the eCoulombScattering model at all energies. Bremsstrahlung is handled by the MuBrem model. Ionisation is implemented by several models depending on energy and particle type. From 0 to 200 keV, the Bragg model is used for \(\mu ^+\) and the ICRU73Q0 parameterisation is used for \(\mu ^-\). Above 200 keV the MuBetheBloch model is used for both \(\mu ^+\) and \(\mu ^-\). The muPairProduction model handles e+/e- pair production caused by either \(\mu ^+\) or \(\mu ^-\).

Pions, kaons, protons and anti-protons: multiple Coulomb scattering is performed by the WentzelVI model and Coulomb scattering by the eCoulombScattering model. Bremsstrahlung is handled by hBrem model. \(e^-/e^+\) pair production by hadrons is implemented by the hPairProduction model. Ionisation is handled by several models depending on energy and particle type. For pions below 298 keV, Bragg model ionisation is used for \(\pi ^+\), and the ICRU73Q0 parameterisation is used for \(\pi ^-\). Above this energy BetheBloch ionisation is used. For kaons, the same ionisation models are used, but the change from low energy to high energy models occurs at 1.05 MeV. For protons, the Bragg model is used below 2 MeV and the BetheBloch above. For anti-protons ICRU73Q0 is used below 2 MeV and BetheBloch above.

alpha and G4GenericIon: only two EM processes are applied. Multiple Coulomb scattering in implemented by the Urban model at all energies. For ionisation below 2 MeV/u data are used. Priority of data is following: ICRU90, ICRU73, PSTAR, ASTAR, ICRU49. Above 2 MeV/u the Bethe-Bloch model is used.