Hadronic Physics in Geant4

Geant4 hadronic physics is loosely defined to cover any reaction which can produce hadrons in its final state. As such, it covers purely hadronic interactions, lepton- and gamma-induced nuclear reactions, and radioactive decay. The interaction is represented as a Geant4 process which consists of a cross section to determine when the interaction will occur, and a model which determines the final state of the interaction. Models and cross sections are provided which span an energy range from sub-eV to TeV. Following the toolkit philosophy, more than one model or process is usually offered in any given energy range in order to provide alternative approaches for different applications.

Contents:

• Hadronic Cross Sections in Geant4
  • Hadron-nucleus Cross Sections
    • Hadron-nucleon cross sections
    • Neutron-Nucleus cross sections
    • Other Hadron-Nucleus cross sections
    • Extraction of CHIPS kaon and hyperon nuclear cross sections
    • Bibliography
  • Total Reaction Cross Section in Nucleus-nucleus Reactions
    • Nucleus-nucleus cross sections
    • Bibliography
    • Antinucleus–nucleus cross sections
    • Alternative nucleus-nucleus cross sections
    • Bibliography
• Coherent elastic scattering
  • Nucleon-Nucleon elastic Scattering
• Hadron-nucleus Elastic Scattering at Medium and High Energy
  • Method of Calculation
    • Bibliography
• Parton string model
  • Reaction initial state simulation.
    • Allowed projectiles and bombarding energy range for interaction with nucleon and nuclear targets
    • MC initialization procedure for nucleus
    • Random choice of the impact parameter
  • Sample of collision participants in nuclear collisions.
    • MC procedure to define collision participants.
    • Separation of hadron diffraction excitation.
  • Longitudinal string excitation
    • Hadron–nucleon inelastic collision
    • The diffractive string excitation
    • The string excitation by parton exchange
    • Transverse momentum sampling
    • Sampling x-plus and x-minus
    • The diffractive string excitation
    • The string excitation by parton rearrangement
  • Longitudinal string decay.
    • Hadron production by string fragmentation.
    • The hadron formation time and coordinate.
  • Bibliography
• Fritiof (FTF) Model
  • Introduction
    • Main assumptions of the FTF model
    • General properties of hadron–nucleon interactions
    • Cross sections of hadron–nucleon processes
    • Simulation of hadron-nucleon interactions
    • Flowchart of the FTF model
    • Simulation of nuclear interactions
• The Geant4 Bertini Intranuclear Cascade Model
  • Introduction
  • The Geant4 Cascade Model
    • Model Limits
    • Intranuclear Cascade Model
    • Nuclear Model
    • Pre-equilibrium Model
    • Break-up models
    • Evaporation Model
  • Interfacing Bertini implementation
    • Bibliography
• The Geant4 Binary Cascade Model
  • Modeling overview
    • The transport algorithm
    • The description of the target nucleus and fermi motion
    • Optical and phenomenological potentials
    • Pauli blocking simulation
    • The scattering term
    • Total inclusive cross-sections
    • Nucleon Nucleon elastic collisions
    • Generation of transverse momentum
    • Decay of strong resonances
    • The escaping particle and coherent effects
    • Light ion reactions
    • Transition to pre-compound modeling
    • Calculation of excitation energies and residuals
  • Comparison with experiments
  • Neutrons Comparison with Experimental Data
  • Bibliography
• INCL++: the Liège Intranuclear Cascade Model
  • Introduction
    • Suitable application fields
  • Generalities of the INCL++ cascade
    • Model limits
  • Physics ingredients
    • Emission of composite particles
    • Cascade stopping time
    • Conservation laws
    • Initialisation of composite projectiles
    • Two meson resonances implemented: \(\eta\) and \(\omega\)
    • Strangeness added: Kaon, \(\Lambda\) and \(\Sigma\)
    • De-excitation phase
  • Physics performance
    • Bibliography
• Precompound model
  • Reaction initial state.
  • Simulation of pre-compound reaction
    • Statistical equilibrium condition
    • Level density of excited (n-exciton) states
    • Transition probabilities
    • Emission probabilities for nucleons
    • Emission probabilities for complex fragments
    • The total probability
    • Calculation of kinetic energies for emitted particle
    • Parameters of residual nucleus
  • Bibliography
• Evaporation Model
  • Introduction
    • Bibliography
  • Evaporation model
    • Cross sections for inverse reactions
    • Coulomb barriers
    • Level densities
    • Maximum energy available for evaporation
    • Total decay width
  • GEM model
    • Bibliography
  • Nuclear fission
    • The fission total probability
    • The fission barrier
  • Photon evaporation
    • Computation of probability
    • Discrete photon evaporation
    • Internal conversion electron emission
  • Sampling procedure
  • Bibliography
• Fission model
  • Reaction initial state.
  • Fission process simulation.
    • Atomic number distribution of fission products.
    • Charge distribution of fission products.
    • Kinetic energy distribution of fission products.
    • Calculation of the excitation energy of fission products.
    • Excited fragment momenta.
  • Bibliography
• Fermi Break-up Model
  • Fermi break-up simulation for light nuclei
    • Allowed channels
    • Break-up probability
    • Fragment characteristics
    • Sampling procedure
  • Bibliography
• Multifragmentation Model
  • Multifragmentation process simulation
    • Multifragmentation probability
    • Direct simulation of the low multiplicity multifragment disintegration
    • Fragment multiplicity distribution
    • Atomic number distribution of fragments
    • Charge distribution of fragments
    • Kinetic energy distribution of fragments
    • Calculation of the fragment excitation energies
  • Bibliography
• ABLA++ evaporation/fission model
  • Introduction
  • Evaporation
  • Level densities
  • Fission
  • Multifragmentation
  • External data file required
  • How to use ABLA++
    • Bibliography
• Quantum Molecular Dynamics for Heavy Ions
  • Equations of Motion
  • Ion-ion Implementation
  • Cross Sections
    • Bibliography
• Abrasion-ablation Model
  • Introduction
  • Initial nuclear dynamics and impact parameter
  • Abrasion process
  • Abraded nucleon spectrum
  • De-excitation of the projectile and target nuclear pre-fragments by standard Geant4 de-excitation physics
  • De-excitation of the projectile and target nuclear pre-fragments by nuclear ablation
  • Definition of the functions P and F used in the abrasion model
    • Bibliography
• Electromagnetic Dissociation Model
  • The Model
    • Bibliography
• Interactions of Stopping Particles
  • Complementary parameterised and theoretical treatment
  • Pion absorption at rest
    • Bibliography
• Low Energy Neutron Interactions
  • Introduction
  • Physics and Verification
    • Inclusive Cross-sections
  • Elastic Scattering
  • Radiative Capture
    • Bibliography
  • Fission
  • Inelastic Scattering
  • Unresolved Resonance Region (URR) description with Probability Tables (PT)
    • Bibliography
  • Neutron Data Library (G4NDL) Format
    • Cross Section
    • Final State
    • Thermal Scattering Cross Section
    • Coherent Final State
    • Incoherent Final State
    • Inelastic Final State
    • Further Information
  • High Precision Models and Low Energy Parameterized Models
  • NuDEX
    • Bibliography
  • Summary and Important Remark
    • Bibliography
  • Bibliography
• LowEnergyChargedParticles
  • Low Energy Charged Particle Interactions
    • Introduction
    • Physics and Verification
    • Neutron-induced alpha production reactions on carbon
    • Data Format
• Geant4 Low Energy Nuclear Data (LEND) Package
  • Low Energy Nuclear Data
• Radioactive Decay
  • The Radioactive Decay Module
  • Alpha Decay
  • Beta Decay
  • Electron Capture
  • Recoil Nucleus Correction
  • Biasing Methods
    • Bibliography